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Acknowledgments
6
Contents
8
List of Figures
9
List of Tables
11
List of Boxes
13
1: Introduction
14
Introduction
14
Context
18
Challenges in Measuring Performance
24
Research Strategy
30
Outline of the Book
32
References
34
2: City Governments and Climate Change
39
Cities, What Are They Good For?
39
Climate Change and the City
41
Multiple and Conflicting Objectives
45
Networks of City Governments
46
Implementing Climate Policy
50
The Measurement and Management of Performance
54
References
63
3: City Governments, Climate Change, and the Performance Agenda
69
Introduction
69
Context
71
Trends and Issues
81
A Role for Performance Management
87
International Agenda
89
Community Engagement Agenda
95
Organisational Governance Agenda
102
The Promise of Performance Management
106
References
108
4: Performance Management: An Analytical Framework
117
Introduction
117
Performance Management Doctrine
119
Clarity of Goals
121
Measurement
125
Incorporation
130
Use
133
A Way to Assess Progress Towards Performance Management
140
A Staged Approach for Improvement in Performance
141
References
146
5: City of Stockholm
153
Introduction
153
Climate Change in Stockholm
155
Flooding
156
Temperature Increases
157
Roles, Responsibilities, and Trends in Local Government
158
Governance in Stockholm City Government
160
Strategic Planning
161
Stockholm City Plan: A Walkable City 2010 (Promenadstaden)
163
Environment Programme 2012–2015
166
Stockholm Action Plan for Climate and Energy 2012–2015
171
Performance Management and the City of Stockholm
176
Goal Clarity
176
Measurement
181
Mainstreaming and Incorporation
182
Use
183
Conclusion
185
References
186
6: Copenhagen City Government
190
Introduction
190
Climate Change in Copenhagen
193
Rising Temperature and Heat Island Effect
193
Precipitation and Sea Level Rise
194
Extreme Events
195
The Role, Responsibilities, and Trends in Local Government
196
Governance in the City of Copenhagen
201
Copenhagen City Government Climate Change Strategy
202
Mobility
208
Performance Management and the Copenhagen City Government CPH 2025
218
Goal Clarity
219
Measurement
219
Mainstreaming and Incorporation
220
Use of Performance Information
221
Conclusion
223
References
225
7: Tokyo Municipal Government
229
Introduction
229
Climate Change Impacts in Tokyo
232
Role, Responsibilities, and Trends in Local Governments
235
Climate Policy Action in Japan
240
Tokyo Municipal Government’s Climate Change Strategy
245
Green Building Programme
247
The Diesel Replacement Scheme
248
Cap-and-Trade Scheme
251
Performance Management and the TMG Cap-and-Trade Scheme
255
Political Leadership and Goal Clarity
257
Measurement and the Use of Performance Information
259
Administrative Leadership and the Incorporation of Performance
262
Conclusion
265
References
266
8: Synthesis and Conclusions
271
Introduction
271
Goal Clarity
275
Measurement
278
Incorporation
283
Use
287
Conclusion
293
References
295
Index
297
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