Suchen und Finden
Mehr zum Inhalt
CHIMBRIDS - Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research - Scientific, Ethical, Philosophical and Legal Aspects
Preface
5
Table of Contents
7
Introduction
20
A. General research aspects
22
I. Problems with terminology and definitions
23
II. Etymological background and furtherclarifying remarksconcerning chimeras and hybrids
25
1. Introduction
25
2. Semantic analysis
25
a. Chimera as an archetype
25
b. Etymological background
28
c. Chimera as a metaphor and as a terminus technicus
29
d. Hybrid
30
e. Some further differentiations
32
f. Chimera as a strategy
33
3. Anthropological clarifications
34
a. Chimera and the deeper understanding of humanity
34
b. Should we cross boundaries?
36
c. The art of slowness
37
III. Scientific background
39
1. Introduction
39
2. Intra-species mixtures
42
a. Intra-species chimeras
42
b. Intra-species hybrids
46
3. Inter-species mixtures
46
a. Inter-species chimeras
46
b. Inter-species hybrids
50
c. Examples of inter-species mixtures
53
aa. Xenotransplantation
53
bb. Transgenic animals carrying human genes
57
cc. Nuclear transfer research
61
dd. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cells into animal brain
69
ee. Hamster test: Testing human sperm capacity with hamster ova
70
ff. Mixing of embryos
71
gg. Interspecies gestation
72
hh. Other mixtures
73
IV. Ethics
78
1. Introduction
78
2. The Fundamental Debates on Moral Status: What MakesEntities Morally Significant?
79
a. Preliminary Remarks
79
b. Moral Status Based on Sentience (i.e., on the ability to feel painor suffer)
80
c. Moral Status Based on Agency, Self-Consciousness or Rationality
81
d. Moral Status Based on the Significance of the Human Species
82
e. Moral Status Based on the Intrinsic Value of Animals
83
aa. Applications of Moral Status: Potentiality, Precaution andSymbolic Extensions of Status
84
bb. Applications of Moral Status: Potentiality
84
cc. Applications of Moral Status: Precaution
85
dd. Applications of Moral Status: Symbolic Meanings
85
f. The Moral Status of Human Embryos and Chimbrids
87
3. Specific Moral Considerations in Evaluating Chimbrids: AnEthical Matrix
87
a. Preliminary Remarks
88
b. Moral Considerations in Research Ethics
88
c. Moral Considerations in Animal Ethics
90
V. Law
95
1. Legal tools and strategies for the regulation of chimbrids
95
a. Introduction
95
b. Determining the aims of the regulatory project
96
c. Identifying the appropriate regulator
97
d. The choice of regulatory instruments
97
e. Decision-making in individual cases
100
f. Monitoring and sanctions
100
g. Some challenges in the regulation of chimbrids
101
2. Which Beings Should Be Entitled to Human Rights?
104
a. The General Concept of Personhood
104
b. Human Rights – Their Meaning and Their Foundation
105
c. Human Rights and the Constitution
107
aa. The Paradigm: Born of a Human (the Natural Person)
107
bb. Does the Unborn Human Being Enjoy Constitutionally Protected Human Rights?
108
cc. Indicators of Personhood
110
d. The Status of Chimeras and Chimeric Embryos
111
3. Chimbrids and International Law
114
4. EU Law and Council of Europe Law applicable to chimeraand hybrid research
132
a. Relevant facts
132
b. Research law
132
c. Protection of human-beings by the fundamental rights of theEuropean Union
135
d. Protection of human rights and the dignity of the human beingwithin the Council of Europe’s Legal Framework
135
e. Protection of biotechnological inventions
137
f. Protection of personal data
138
g. Protection of Health
139
h. Protection of animals in the case of animal experiments
145
i. Genetics in the non-human domain
147
5. National law
148
a. EU member states
148
aa. Austria
148
bb. France
152
cc. Germany
156
dd. Sweden
161
ee. Spain
166
ff. United Kingdom
167
b. Other Countries
174
aa. Switzerland
174
bb. Israel
181
cc. United States
185
dd. Canada
189
ee. China
194
ff. Japan
196
B. Key Cases in chimbrids research
200
I. Case 1 - Muotri: Transfer of human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons in mouse brain
201
1. Scientific considerations
201
2. Ethical considerations
204
3. Legal regulation in different countries
210
II. Case 2 - Chen: Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer
215
1. Scientific considerations
215
2. Ethical considerations
219
3. Legal regulation in different countries
223
III. Case 3 - Bailey: Animal-Human Xenotransplantation
245
1. Scientific considerations
245
2. Ethical considerations
249
3. Legal regualtions in different countries
251
IV. Case 4 - Fink: Porcine Xenografts in Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease patients
276
1. Scientific considerations
276
2. Ethical considerations
280
3. Legal regulation in different countries
284
V. Case 5 - McCune: The SCID-hu Mouse
299
1. Scientific considerations
299
2. Ethical considerations
302
3. Legal regualtion in different countries
305
VI. Case 6 - EMEA: Transgenic goat producing human antithrombin
328
1. Scientific considerations
328
2. Ethical considerations
331
3. Legal regulation in different countries
335
VII. Case 7 - O'Doherty: Mouse with human chromosome
363
1. Scientific considerations
363
2. Ethical considerations
366
3. Legal regulation in different countries
370
VIII. Case 8 - Yanagimachi: Hamster egg penetration test
371
1. Scientific considerations
371
2. Ethical considerations
374
3. Legal regulation in different countries
377
IX. Case 9 - Fehilly: Human-animal embryo mixing
389
1. Scientific considerations
389
2. Ethical considerations
391
3. Legal regulation in different countries
395
X. Case 10 - Nan et al.: Interspecies gestation
414
1. Scientific considerations
414
2. Ethical considerations
416
3. Legal regulation in different countries
419
XI. Short Remarks to the cases 1-10 in the light of European legal order
435
C. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
440
I. General remarks
441
II. Scientific overview of human-animal mixtures
443
III. Ethical Aspects
447
1. Moral status
447
2. Human research ethics
449
3. Animal ethics
450
4. Appearance and Symbolic Meaning
451
5. Plurality of ethical theories and legal regulations
452
IV. Legal Aspects
454
1. The regulatory needs and challenges
454
2. Regulatory tools and strategies applied
455
3. Concluding remarks
457
V. Recommendations
460
Annex
463
Annex - A. Chimbrids – Scientific, Ethicaland Legal Reports
464
I. Science
465
1. Transgenic animals carrying human genes: Methods and Ethical Aspects
465
2. Xenotransplantation - Aspects of Chimerism
477
3. Nuclear Transfer, Chimeras and Hybrids Activities and legal aspects of research in Hungary
503
4. Interspecies Nuclear Transfer Research in China
526
5. Developing Human-Nonhuman Chimeras in Human Stem Cell Research Ethical Issues and Boundries
537
6. Chimeras in developmental biology: scientific objectives and ethical issues
558
II. Ethics
573
1. Man-made chimeras, hybrids and mosaics--ethical perspectives
573
2. Ethical Issues in Transgenesis: Biopharming, Xenotransplantation & Recreational Transgenesis
594
III. Law
605
1. These concerning chimerisation and hybridisation from an ethical and legal perspective
605
2. The Regulation of Hybrids and Chimeras in the UK
647
3. Providing a legal framwork for chimeras - French Report
669
4. Legal Aspects of Human-Animal Chimeras and Hybrids: Country Report Sweden
691
5. Chimeras and Other Human-Animal Mixtures in Relation to the Swiss
708
6. Die rechtliche Regelung von Chimaren und Hybridwesenein osterreichischer Landesbericht
718
7. New types of Chimeras and Hybrids: a challenge for Biolaw
736
8. The legislation on Chimeras and Hybrids in Spain
743
9. Discussing the European Union Competences to Legislate on Chimbrids Research
745
10. Legal Issues involving Hybrids and Chimeras United States Country Report
756
11. Legal Aspects of Human-Animal Combinations in Canada
780
12. Legal and Ethical Aspects of Chimera and Hybrid Research in Israel: Country Report with Comparative Observations
800
13. Bioethical Discussions on Specified Embryos in Japan
811
14. The Law Concerning Regulations Relating to Human Cloning Techniques, Handling of a Specified Embryo and Animal experiment in Japan
819
15. Human embryonic stem cell research in China
821
Annex - B. Country Reports on the 10 Cases
828
I. Germany: Case 1-10 according to German Law
829
1. Case 1 -- Muotri Case
829
2. Case 2 -- Chen Case (interspecies SCNT human into rabbit)
833
3. Case 3 -- Animal-Human Xenotransplantation
835
4. Case 4 -- Fink
837
5. Case 5 -- McCune
838
6. Case 6 -- EMEA
841
7. Case 7 -- O'Doherty
842
8. Case 8 -- Golden Hamster test
843
9. Case 9 -- Mixing of embryos
844
10. Case 10 -- Interspecies gestation
844
II. UK: Case 1-10 according to UK law
846
1. Muotri case
846
2. Chen Case
847
3. Bailey Case. Baboon to Human Cardiac Xenotransplant in Neonates
848
4. Fink Case Porcine Xenografts for Huntington's
849
5. McCune Case: SCID
849
6. Transgenic Goat Case
850
7. Mice with Down's Syndrome Phenotypes
850
8. Golden Hamster Test
850
9. Mixing of Embryos
851
10. Interspecies Gestation
851
III. France legal Issues in French Law: the case studies
853
1. Case 1 -- Muotri
853
2. Case 2 -- Chen
858
3. Case 3 -- Chen (alternative)
861
4. Case 4 -- Fink
865
5. Case 5 -- McCune
866
6. Case 6 -- EMEA
870
7. Case 7 -- O'Doherty
873
8. Case 8 -- Golden Hamster test
874
9. Case 9 -- Mixing of Embryos
876
10. Case 10 -- Interspecies gestation
878
IV. Sweden -- Case 1-10 according to Swedish law
881
1. Case 1 -- Muotri, A.R. et al. (2005)
881
2. Case 2 -- Chen, Y. et al. (2003)
882
3. Case 3 -- Bailey Leonard L. et al. (1985)
884
4. Case 4 -- Fink, J.S. et al. (2000)
885
5. Case 5 -- McCune et al. (1988)
886
6. Case 6 -- EMEA
888
7. Case 7 -- O'Doherty, A. et al. (2005)
888
8. Case 8 -- Lee M. Ho et al. (2007)
889
9. Case 9 -- Mixing of embryos
890
10. Case 10 -- Interspecies gestation
892
V. Spain -- Case 1-10 according to Spanish law
894
1. Case 1
894
2. Case 2
895
3. Case 3
898
4. Case 4
900
5. Case 5
902
6. Case 6
905
7. Case 7
906
8. Case 8 -- Golden Hamster test
909
9. Case 9 -- Mixing of embryos
909
10. Case 10 -- Interspecies gestation
911
VI. Austria -- Case 1-10 according to Austrian Law
914
1. Case 1 -- Muotri case
914
2. Case 2 -- Chen case
914
3. Case 3 -- Bailey case
915
4. Case 4 -- Fink case
915
5. Case 5 -- McCune case
916
6. Case 6 -- Transgenic goat case
916
7. Case 7 -- O;Doherty case
916
8. Case 8 -- Hoo Lee case
917
9. Case 9 -- Fehilly case
917
10. Case 10 -- Nan case
918
VII. Switzerland Case 1 to 10 according to Swiss Law
919
1. Case 1 -- Muotri
919
2. Case 2 -- Chen
927
3. Case 3 -- Bailey
929
4. Case 4 -- Fink
933
5. Case 5 -- McCune
935
6. Case 6 -- EMEA
936
7. Case 7 -- O'Doherty
941
8. Case 8 -- Yanagimachi
943
9. Case 9 -- Fehily
943
10. Case 10 -- Nan et al.
947
11. Alternative to Case 10 -- Zavos and Illmensee
947
VIII. USA -- Case comments
950
1. Case 1: Human embryonic stem cells into brain of mouse embryo/foetus at day 14
950
2. Case 2, Chen, Y. et al. (2003):Embryonic stem cells generated by nuclear transfer of humansomatic nuclei into rabbit oocytes
953
3. Case 3: Solid organ xenotransplantation of xenograft intohuman being
954
4. Case 4:Porcine xenografts (porcine foetal neuronal cells) inParkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease Patients
958
5. Case 5: Human foetal cells into adult mice.
961
6. Case 6:Transgenic goats that secrete human antithrombine into theirmilk; transfer of human DNA into goat zygotes.
963
7. Case 7:Aneuploid mouse strain carrying human chromosome 21 withDown’s syndrome phenotypes; transfer of almost full humanchromosome 21 into mouse embryonic stem cells; afterwardsinjection into mouse blastocysts.
965
8. Case 8: Golden Hamster Test
966
9. Case 9:Mixing embryos of non-human species with embryos ofhuman species
967
10. Case 10: Interspecies Gestation
970
IX. Canada
972
A. Introduction
972
1. Case Study No. 1
978
2. Case Study No. 2
986
3. Case Study No. 3
989
4. Case study No. 4
997
5. Case Study No. 5
998
6. Case Study No. 6
1001
7. Case Study No. 7
1003
8. Case Study No. 8
1005
9. Case Study No. 9
1008
10. Case Study No. 10
1011
X. Israel – Case 1-10 according to Israeli law
1014
1. Case 1 – Muotri
1014
2. Case 2 – Chen
1014
3. Case 3 – Chen (alternative)
1015
4. Case 4 – Fink
1016
5. Case 5 – McCune
1017
6. Case 6 – EMEA
1018
7. Case 7 – O'Doherty
1018
8. Case 8 – Golden Hamster Test
1019
9. Case 9 – Mixing of Embryos
1020
10. Case 10 – Interspecies Gestation:Transfer of an Animal Embryo into the Uterus of a Womanand Transfer of a Human Embryo into the Uterus of anAnimal
1021
XI. Japan – Case 1-10 according to JapaneseLaw
1023
Table of Authors
1025
Index
1030
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.